Communications take a great role in „Dinara back to LIFE“ project. The goals of project communications is to set up internal procedures, communicate the progress of project activities, increase project visibility, popularize and promote nature protection and benefits of grassland ecosystems, and raise awareness of target audiences for necessity of biodiversity protection.
The priority in the first few months of the project was setting up internal and external communication channels of the project, developing the visual identity of the project and setting up a website and social network profile.
Achievements for the first year of the project:
development of project visual identity
setting up project website
creating Facebook social media profile
development of communication plan
media work and reporting
networking
Full version Communications report for 2020. is uploaded in the Publications section of the website and can be accessed here.
At the end of February our team implemented the first restoration activity at the project site. Controlled burning was performed on 6 hectares of overgrown grasslands at Dinara mountain.
Restoration activities of “Dinara back to LIFE” project are scheduled to start in the second year of implementation. First such activity, controlled burning, was performed at the end of the last week. Since it is an activity which has to be implemented in the cold period of the year, it was selected as the first one. The goal of controlled burning is to use it to remove unwanted wooden vegetation which is overtaking the grasslands.
In the beginning of February the project team published an article “13 questions about controlled burning”, as an announcement of the activity for the local community, answers for frequently asked questions, and open invitation for the community to further inform about the activity.
The weather conditions at the end of February were favorable for our activity, which was implemented 26.2. With coordination from the local firefighting unit and help from our volunteers, we managed to restore 6 hectares of overgrown grasslands. This experience was highly valuable for our team, as we plan to restore at least 100 hectares of overgrown grasslands by the end of the project. Implementation was also a testing activity for our team, as we learned about administrative and logistic requirements of the activity, which will help our work later on.
Controlled burning is a method we use to increase the quality of habitat for key species. In this case in Dinara mountain, it is used to improve the quality of habitat for Emberiza hortulana. This species often uses grasslands which were burned in previous years, and it’s habitat is endangered with overgrowing. The goal of our activity is to create favorable conditions for Emberiza hortulana on a larger surface, which will hopefully lead to an increase of it’s numbers.
Control and safety of the activity was guaranteed by the Public firefighting unit and 5 local firefighters. We would like to use this opportunity to express our gratitude once again for all of their advices and professionalism, and give a big thank you to our volunteers for supporting us and investing their energy, emotion and free time into nature conservation.
Don’t miss to check our photo gallery below with photos from the activity.
We can finally welcome the start of specific grasslandsrestoration activities within the project “Dinara back to LIFE”.
In the coming week, the implementation of controlled burning is planned on the pass towards Ravni Vrdovo (above Greda). It will be carried out for the purpose of grassland restoration and as the first of the restoration activities of the project “Dinara back to LIFE”.
Controlled burning will be carried out in cooperation and under the supervision of the Sinj Public Fire Brigade.
Controlled burning will be carried out no later than March 15, and only in favorable weather conditions, without wind, and with the permission of the Public Fire Service Sinj. The first field trip and the beginning of the activity is planned for February 17, if the conditions for the activity are favorable, according to the expert assessment of the firefighters. Otherwise it will be carried out on a different date, when the weather conditions are appropriate.
“Controlled burning is one of the fire protection measures. We are glad to participate in these activities so that together with the Dinara back to LIFE team we can contribute to the protection of nature, but also to the protection of human lives and property, “said Stipe Ančić, Commander of the Sinj Public Fire Brigade.
Controlled burning will be carried out as the first of the restoration activities of the project “Dinara back to LIFE”, implemented by the Biom Association, in partnership with Croatian Forests, LAG “Cetinska Krajina” and the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb.
In case you notice smoke from the afore mentioned locality [Map 1] on Wednesday, February 17, there is no reason to be upset as it is a coordinated action. If you have any questions, feel free to contact us by phone at 021/274 946, or by email at dinarabacktolife@gmail.com
Below we give answers to anything that might interest you about controlled burning. And if you have additional questions and want to know more, feel free to contact us!
1. Why can’t you maintain grasslands by grazing or mowing? Why is controlled burning really necessary?
Rocky grasslands, on which controlled burning will be carried out, cannot be mowed because the rocks prevent the use of any tool, from hand mowers to motor mowers. Of course, in the event that a grassland can be mowed, mowing is the preferred method of maintenance, but there are relatively few such grasslands in the project area. As cattle graze selectively, bypassing poisonous, prickly and inedible plant species, so over time such species become more and more abundant and need to be removed in some other way. In the past, such species were removed by hand, because there were many shepherds who removed them while keeping cattle. This area was also affected by the war, which, after many years of non-use and lack of grazing, a pronounced process of shrub encroachment on grasslands is underway and not only do we have to maintain them but first we have to restore their condition to the one they were in years ago, before the process of abandonment started. Burning is the simplest and fastest way of controlling the excessive spread of woody vegetation over larger areas.
2. Why do you want to burn grasslands and not allow them to develop naturally into forest? Should man make interventions in natural processes at all?
The Republic of Croatia has decided to integrate the management of Natura2000 Ecological Network areas, those that are located within forests and forest lands managed by Croatian Forests, with the forest management process, by developing forest management plans as Ecological Network management plans. The grasslands in question fall into the category of rare and endangered habitat type of the Eastern Adriatic Rocky Pasture of the Epimediterranean Zone, and are one of the conservation targets of this Natura 2000 area. In this case, controlled burning represents the active management od Natura 2000 areas with the aim of halting the loss of biological diversity in the Republic of Croatia.
Allowing natural processes without any intervention is a concept that today is successfully applied only to huge areas with all essential and well-preserved elements of nature. The concept proved wrong in other situations as it often caused extinction of rare species and habitats. European nature, which mostly has lost irreversibly many large animals that maintained habitats by grazing (such as terns, bison, mammoths), is largely well preserved because these animals have been replaced by domestic livestock. The disappearance of domestic livestock without the return of these large herbivores, will results in the conditional development of forest cover with a complete loss of grassland. Also, without grazing, a large amount of dry plant matter that burns easily develops, and fires become more intense. Today’s nature protection tries to achieve all the original diversity of habitats and species through management. A simple example that indicates we can no longer leave all processes to nature is the case were we should not put out naturally occurring fires. Although rare, without human intervention they would burn for days and through huge areas.
Crvene grede, Dinara
3. What do we want to achieve with controlled burning?
With controlled burning, we want to increase the quality of habitats for certain animal and plant species. In the case of the grassland on Vrdovo (above Bitelićka greda, Map 1), it is a strictly protected species garden bunting (Emberiza hortulana). Overgrowing of grasslands causes habitat loss for garden bunting, and this is a species that gladly inhabits recently burned areas as they have a structure of grasslands with sporadic trees. The existing population of garden bunting in this locality is present only on the area that was burned in previous years and we want to enable this population of garden bunting to increase its numbers by burning the neighbouring grassland areas that area affected by overgrowing of woody vegetation. In addition, burning will have a positive effect on pasture management and the increase the possibility of livestock grazing.
4. What is controlled burning? What is the difference between controlled and uncontrolled burning or fire?
In controlled burning, only the target areas under appropriate conditions are burned. In controlled burning within the project “Dinara back to LIFE” only overgrown grasslands are burned during the colder part of the year, when burning affects only the surface layer of the soil without causing deep damage. Areas for controlled burning are selected so as not to endanger forests or, in general, habitat types to which burning is harmful. In the case of uncontrolled burning or fire, areas for which burning is harmful (eg forests) get affected or, due to summer heat and drought, deep soil damage and erosion occur as a result of the fire.
The fire is devastating for Juniperus while the rest of the larger trees and shrubs survive to a great extent
5. What are the benefits of controlled burning?
Controlled burning, allows the management of a large area with a relatively small work effort, especially for habitats where other management methods are not feasible or cost-effective.
6. What are the risks of controlled burning?
The main risks of controlled burning are the spread of fire to areas that were not the intended for burning and the burning of deeper layers of the soil. Both of these risks are avoided by careful selection of the burning area, a large number of well-prepared participants and the appropriate choice of weather conditions during the controlled burning event.
Field trip with the commander of the Public Fire Brigade Sinj
7. What measures for control, risk mitigation and restriction will you implement?
Controlled burning will be carried out in cooperation with and under the supervision of the Sinj Public Fire Brigade. A filed inspection, carried out on 28th of January 2021, determined that on the selected area there are no problematic natural elements that can pose a danger due to the retention of smouldering fires (such as deep cracks or a deep layer of humus).
The area on which controlled burning is carried out have been selected so that it is partially surrounded by the area of non-overgrown rocky habitats, over which the fire cannot spread easily, which enables an easier human control of the fire.
Additional protection against the spread of fire will be provided by 2 – 4 meters wide paths in the role of fire routes, which partially border the areas where controlled burning is planned, through which the fire cannot spread.
The optimal number of firefighters in the field will be determined by the Sinj Public Fire Brigade through an expert assessment. Participants in the burning activities will be equipped with hand-held burners, and the fire brigade will take care of fire safety and control with appropriate firefighting equipment. The controlled burning activity will take place during daylight hours, and after the cessation of that activity, firefighters will continue to monitor the site until they estimate that the conditions ensure there is no smouldering fire left.
Field tour with the commander of the Public Fire Brigade Sinj
8. Who will carry out the controlled burning on the Dinara?
Controlled burning on Dinara is carried out as part of the “Dinara back to LIFE” project. The leading partner of the project is Biom Association, and the partnership involves Croatian Forests, the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb and the LAG “Cetinska Krajina”.
The Biom Association is in charge of carrying out restoration activities and is responsible for carrying out controlled burning on Dinara. The planning and implementation of activities is carried out with the help of all project partners, and with the support and supervision of the Sinj Public Fire Brigade.
9. What species will you burn? Why will you burn also species that can grow into trees?
On the area that we will burn, there are various woody species: oak, black hornbeam, black ash, juniper, dogwood, buckthorn, but they create a vegetation with a structure of rare shrubs. By burning in winter, we enable the survival of a large part of these individuals, especially larger and taller ones. In this area, our goal is not to achieve a habitat structure completely free of trees and shrubs, but to maintain a grassland with individual trees and shrubs, which is an ideal habitat for garden bunting, but also a more productive pasture.
The burned mosaic habitat on the Dinara, only Juniperus was permanently damaged
10. Is controlled burning used elsewhere in Croatia or in the world?
Controlled burning is a very widespread measure implemented in a large number of countries, from Finland, Sweden, Norway, the United Kingdom, Spain, France to the United States and Australia. It is sometimes implemented as a measure for the management of pastures or grasslands, and sometimes as a measure that maintains mosaic structure and biodiversity in large forest areas. In Croatia, controlled burning is currently carried out only on relatively small areas in protected areas such as Krka or Kamenjak in Istria, but also on a large number of private land.
11. Fire produces large amounts of CO2. How do you justify releasing a large amount of CO2 into the atmosphere?
On Dinara, large areas are regularly (and uncontrollably!) burned by fire, which is why a huge amount of CO2 is released into the atmosphere. A particularly large amount is released during forest fires, and in summer fires when the roots of plants and the humus horizon of the soil burn. The long-term goal of the project is to prevent such large amounts of CO2 by grazing (which reduces the amount of dry plant matter) and controlled burning of small areas in winter, when only the surface layer of soil burns, resulting in significantly lower CO2 emissions.
12. Does fire harm wildlife, such as pigs and rabbits? What about the animals that live and feed here?
One of the reasons why controlled burning is carried out in winter in windless weather is that there are no young animals then, and adult individuals easily escape the fire which in winter is slowly spreading. Also, after this type of fire, the herbaceous vegetation is renewed with the first days of spring and the animals soon return to the burned areas in search of new, fresh pasture. Indeed, these type of pasture with lush herbaceous vegetation in renewal, offer species such as hare, even offer more food than the surrounding areas.
Dinara mountain grasslands two months after the fire
13. Can controlled burning be carried out in the Nature Park? Nature park is a category of protection that does not limit such activities, especially if they increase the quality of habitats for important species or habitats. One of the tasks of the Dinara Nature Park is to preserve open habitats and the species that live on them, and we hope that controlled burning will be carried out as an activity of the future manager of the Park area.
Media content analysis is an indispensable tool in the media that is used in assessing the effectiveness of communication about a particular subject, it’s tone and other public characteristics. When publications are collected in a certain period of time about a subject, the analysis of media publicity can see the extent to which the goal of its communication with the media and the audience has been achieved, what is the content or context in which the subject appeared. Most importantly, the analysis will help to create clearer content, monitor the interests of the media, and also to detect changes in media attitudes in the future.
One of the activities of the project was to collect media publications on the topic of “Dinara” that were published in the year before the start of the project “Dinara back to LIFE” (2019) and analyze the collected data. The analysis of the collected material will provide insight into the media space about Dinara and important topics close to the project before it’s start and give guidelines to the project team on how to implement, strengthen, but also adjust the communication of project activities to current media attitudes.
Collection and analysis of media content about Dinara, means searching for media publications on the topic of environmental protection in the project area and their analysis.
The material for the analysis was obtained by searching the digital archive for the term “Dinara”, and additional criteria were applied to the obtained publications, which improved the scope of the relevant content. Posts that only mention the term “Dinara” have been left out, due to their content not being related to the nature and topics of the project.
What did the media analysis record?
A total of 69 publications with the term “Dinara” were recorded for the period from January to December 2019. On average, the media published 6 publications a month about Dinara.
In the obtained content, the topics of the collected articles are mostly related to the quality of life and politics, but the announcements promoting the project “Dinara back to LIFE”, the announcement of the Dinara Nature Park, sustainable tourism and topics related to hiking and mountaineering activities also prevail, while a significant number of publications, mostly of commentary, sharply criticize the hydrocarbon exploration plan in the Dinara area.
Number of posts by months
The largest number of announcements was recorded in August (14) when the project “Dinara back to LIFE” was presented, but a monument to the Homeland on the Dinara was also unveiled. Next is the month of July (12) in which the plan to declare the Dinara area as a protected Nature Park was published, and the authors of the largest number of publications are Goran Šimac (tris.com.hr) and Rade Popadić (dalmacijadanas.hr).
Tonality assessmrnt and share of target topics
The tone of the announcements was predominantly affirmative (78% of the total announcements), and only 1 announcement of a negative tone was recorded. The measure for assessing the tone of publications (affirmative, neutral, negative) was determined in such a way that affirmative publications are those that benefit Dinara and its protection, those that advocate sustainable development and tourism, etc. Neutral publications are balanced reports on an event or political decision, without taking sides or expressing emotions, while those publications that advocated actions or developments detrimental to the Dinara and supporting short-term economic benefit without critical reflection on the future, consequences and legacy were negatively assessed.
Subject status and publicity
The publicity of the term “Dinara” in the collected publications is 86% primary, which means that Dinara was given a significant media space whose content is high quality (which is not the case with secondary publicity; where the subject of analysis is only mentioned, but the content does not deal with it).
We can conclude that the websites and portals have expressed interest and followed Dinara and projects related to it, which is especially evident in the increase in the number of publications about the proclamation of Nature Park, Natura 2000 and the presentation of the project “Dinara Back to LIFE”.
It is positive that some portals, especially locally oriented ones, react in a timely manner and invite the public to express reactions to projects that could have catastrophic consequences in the long run, such as hydrocarbon exploration in the Dinara area.
Researching what the media scene recorded about Dinara last year, what kind of content the audience followed and how much space was opened for topics that were less written about, is a great opportunity for the project team to continue achieving its communication goals.
The results of the analysis and the full report are available here.
The fires on the Dinara Mountain did not cause catastrophic damage to the entire burned area, because most of the grasslands will be restored after the first rains, but not the habitats which will take decades. Those habitats show that the tradition of uncontrolled burning has no place in modern area management. Management of the Dinara area, which is part of the Natura2000 network of protected areas, is an obligation of the Republic of Croatia and uncontrolled fires will make this management difficult long term.
Photo: Fire on Dinare (from Glavaš)
Photo: Fire on Dinare (from Glavaš)
Last days, numerous media have published articles about the recently extinguished fire on Dinara Mountain. The fires are mostly associated with negative impacts on nature and people, but some of the comments show that there are other opinions. Since the part of our Dinara back to LIFE project is planed controlled burning, it is important to point out what is the difference between controlled burning and fire.
With controlled burning, relatively small areas are burned in a targeted manner depending on their use and the goal we want to achieve, while with fires, large areas are also uncontrol burned for which fire is harmful for several reasons.
The impact of fire on different habitats is significantly different and depends on the current weather conditions and the amount humidity of the fuel mass. The impact of fire on grasslands is minimal, especially in winter; but after a couple of spring rains the traces of the fire will hardly be seen. In fact, fire will destroy much of the species that overgrow grasslands which is useful in the long term management. The largest burned areas on the Dinara are grasslands but it’s important to know that it wasn’t just the grasslands that burned. A curve mountain pine stands, although seemingly only low dense shrubbery, take decades to recover in the harshness of the mountain climate. Beech forests, which are spreading slowly in the karst, and there are very few left on Dinara, take much more than one human life to recover.
Photo: Fire map on Dinara
Photo: Fire map on Dinara
Larger areas of sub-Mediterranean shrubs and low forests were also burned in this fire. Burning is often focused on this type of habitat with aim to restore the grassland, for example for the pasture. It is an old tradition that has remained as a way to “improve” the area even now, when most of the burned areas will not be used for grazing at all because there are not as many cattle as there used to be. Medunaca oak forests, which eventually emerge from these thickets, are almost non-existent in larger areas, as they have disappeared through out thousands of years of livestock, logging and burning. It is only in recent decades that these forests have begun to regenerate and it is our job to help them do so. Of course, we will not turn all grasslands into forests, but we will not prevent the overgrowth of grasslands everywhere. Dinara is the part of the EU Natura2000 network of protected areas and it is clearly defined which species and habitats are important; and in order to preserve them we need various types of grasslands, forests and transitional habitats.
Controlled burning, as a part of area management, is required to respect all area users, all habitats and species living there. Grasslands are burned for maintenance purposes, but great care is taken not to spread the fire to forest habitats, with the exception of one part of the thickets that we want to return to the grasslands. The controlled burning is carried out in accordance with the spatial planning of the area management, and in that spatial planning we take care of both nature and the people who use that space.
Photo: The fire smoke
Dinara has space for all: for pastures of thousands of cattle herds, for all species that live in the grasslands and for restored forests of oak, beech or pine, and many species that live there. It is only important to treat it with expertise, knowledge, experience and great respect for nature resource.
